What should be done to ensure effective installation and operation of silt fences?

To ensure effective installation and operation of silt fences, it is crucial to position them perpendicular to the flow direction of surface water. This orientation allows the silt fence to effectively intercept and slow down the flow of water, which promotes sediment deposition behind the fence. By doing so, the likelihood of sediment bypassing the barrier is minimized, and the fence can perform its intended function of protecting the surrounding environment from sedimentation during rain or storm events.

The other options do not align with best practices for silt fence installation. For instance, installing a fence without any fabric would negate its purpose entirely, while placing the fabric with maximum tension can create vulnerabilities in the fabric that might lead to tearing or allowing water to flow through. Additionally, using only wooden stakes may not provide the necessary support and stability for the fence; a combination of appropriate materials is typically recommended to ensure durability and effectiveness against environmental forces.